Correlation Does Not Mean Causation!

Just because two things, like hours studied and exam scores, are strongly linked (for example, a score of $r = 0.85$), it doesn’t mean that one causes the other.

Common Misunderstandings:

1. Coincidence: Sometimes, two things can happen together just by chance.

2. Omitted Variable: There might be a third thing, like a student's prior knowledge, that affects both.

3. Reverse Causation: Sometimes, getting higher exam scores can make someone study more.

So, always take a closer look!