Paging and segmentation are important ways that modern computer systems manage memory efficiently.

Paging

• What it is: This technique divides memory into small, fixed-size pieces called pages.
• Example: If a program needs a memory page that is $4KB$ and it requires $3$ pages, then it needs a total of $12KB$ of memory. (That’s $3$ times $4KB$.)
• Why it’s helpful: Paging helps to minimize wasted space and lets the computer use memory in a more flexible way.

Segmentation

• What it is: This method splits memory into pieces of different sizes based on how the program is organized. These pieces are called segments.
• Example: A program might have different segments for code, the stack (temporary data), and the heap (dynamic data).
• Why it’s helpful: Segmentation makes it easier to manage memory because it aligns better with how the program is set up, allowing for better handling of various types of data.

Together, paging and segmentation improve how a system runs and make memory access easier.