Genetic mutations can be passed down from parents to their children in different ways. These changes mainly happen in the DNA of reproductive cells, which are the sperm and eggs. Let’s break it down:

1. Types of Mutations:

   • Point Mutations: These are tiny changes in just one part of the DNA. They make up about 70% of known genetic problems.
   • Insertions and Deletions: These happen when pieces of DNA are added or removed. This can cause big changes in how genes work.
   • Copy Number Variations (CNVs): Sometimes, large sections of DNA can be copied or left out. This can affect how many copies of a gene are present in the body.

2. Passing on Mutations:

   • Mutations that happen in regular body cells (somatic cells) are not passed to children.
   • But mutations that happen in sperm and egg cells (germ cells) can be inherited.
   • About 1 in every 1,000 babies is born with a major mutation from a parent.

3. Effects on Children:

   • Some mutations can lead to diseases. For example, a change in the BRCA1 gene can raise the chance of getting breast cancer by up to 87%.
   • In the UK, about 1 in 25 people carry a mutation for cystic fibrosis, which is a genetic disorder.

Overall, knowing about these things is very important for understanding genetics and how it relates to health and nature.