When we talk about how rainbows are made, we can look at something called dispersion through a prism. But there are a few challenges we face:

1. Light Complexity: Light can travel in different ways. Different colors bend at different angles, which makes it hard to guess where they will go.

2. Material Challenges: Prisms are made from different materials, and each one gives us different results.

3. Outside Effects: Things like air temperature and humidity can change how the light moves.

To solve these problems, we can do a few things:

• Use very good materials that are the same all the way through. This helps to make sure the bending of light is even.
• Run our experiments in places where everything is stable, so outside factors don’t mess with our results.
• Use math to help us predict how light will bend. We can use a rule called Snell's Law to find the right angles:

$n_1 \sin(\theta_1) = n_2 \sin(\theta_2)$

In this equation, $n$ is a number that shows how much the material bends light.

By using these methods, we can better understand how rainbows form!