Cleopatra VII was the last active ruler of ancient Egypt. She was very clever in dealing with the tough times of the Roman Civil Wars from 49 to 30 BCE. By making smart partnerships and taking action during this time, she became more powerful and influential.

1. Partnership with Julius Caesar:

   • In 48 BCE, Cleopatra teamed up with Julius Caesar. This was a very important move for her. After she helped during the Siege of Alexandria, she became Caesar's lover, which meant he would support her with his army.
   • Their partnership led to the birth of their son, Caesarion, in 47 BCE. Cleopatra hoped he would be a future king for both Egypt and Rome.

2. Connection with Mark Antony:

   • After Caesar was killed in 44 BCE, Cleopatra joined forces with Mark Antony, who was a key leader in Rome.
   • They both wanted to fight the Parthians and keep Roman power strong in the Eastern Mediterranean. Their bond grew stronger in 41 BCE when Antony traveled to Egypt to meet her.

3. Egypt's Wealth and Resources:

   • Cleopatra used Egypt’s riches, especially its grain production, which was worth around $400 million. This was about 20% of all the grain Rome needed.
   • By 30 BCE, her smart partnerships and military plans made her a key player in the changing world of Rome. This helped her keep control over Egypt.