During the time between World War I and World War II (1918-1939), many cultural movements grew as people reacted to the political struggles of their time. Here are some important parts to know:

1. Dadaism and Surrealism:

   • Dadaism started in 1916 as a way to protest the terrible effects of war. It focused on anti-art ideas and the absurd.
   • Surrealism began in 1924, created by André Breton. This movement tried to question what was real and was influenced by feelings of disappointment.

2. Fascism and Modernism:

   • The rise of fascist leaders in Italy (like Mussolini in 1922) and Germany (like Hitler in 1933) sparked different reactions in art.
   • Modernist literature and art started to challenge old values. A famous piece from this time is T.S. Eliot's "The Waste Land" from 1922, which showed how society was breaking apart.

3. Growth of Authoritarianism:

   • By 1939, around 40% of European countries were ruled by fascist or strict governments. This worried many people about their freedoms and how they were governed.

4. The Harlem Renaissance:

   • In the U.S., the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s highlighted African American culture. It helped to answer racial problems that grew after World War I.
   • There were over 1,000 clubs in Harlem that encouraged creativity and social commentary.

5. Economic Impact:

   • The Great Depression in 1929 made political tensions worse. In the U.S., unemployment soared to about 25%, which influenced artists to express the struggles people were facing.

These cultural movements reflected the political issues of their time. They showed how art, literature, and politics all mixed together, contributing to the changes in modern Western society.