The fall of empires in the 20th century changed how countries interact with each other in big ways. This led to many challenges:

1. Power Vacuums: When empires fell, new countries often had weak leadership. This made it hard for them to stay stable and safe.

2. Ethnic Conflicts: Changing borders caused problems between different ethnic groups. This sometimes led to violence and fighting.

3. Global Rivalries: The Cold War made big political differences between countries. This made it tougher for them to get along and work together.

Solutions:

• Encouraging countries in the same area to work together can help keep things stable.
• Talking and listening to each other is very important for achieving lasting peace among groups in conflict.