The Reformation was an important movement in Europe during the 16th century. It questioned how the Catholic Church operated and was run. In England, this change was mainly pushed by political, economic, and religious reasons.

Key Events Leading to the Reformation in England:

1. Henry VIII's Break with Rome:

   • In the 1520s, King Henry VIII wanted to end his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn. The Pope said no to his request. This created a big shift in politics and religion in England.
   • In 1534, the Act of Supremacy made Henry the Supreme Head of the Church of England. This meant England was no longer under the Catholic Church's control.

2. Dissolution of the Monasteries:

   • From 1536 to 1541, Henry VIII ordered the closing of monasteries all over England. This meant more than 800 religious houses had to shut down, and their wealth and land were handed out to others. This greatly weakened the Catholic Church’s power in England.

Growth of Protestantism:

1. Introduction of Protestant Ideas:

   • The English Reformation allowed new ideas about religion to spread, especially those from Lutheranism and Calvinism. These ideas focused on the Bible instead of church traditions.
   • The English Bible became easier to read, with translations like the King James Version (finished in 1611). This helped more people understand and interpret the scriptures for themselves.

2. Statistical Changes:

   • By 1560, it is said that about 1 in 10 people had started to follow Protestant beliefs. As Protestantism grew, it began to change many parts of life in England, including schools and government.

Response and Counter-Reformation:

1. Mary I's Reversion:

   • During Mary I’s rule (1553-1558), Catholicism temporarily came back. Over 300 Protestant reformers were executed for their beliefs.
   • Yet, many people still held on to their Protestant faith. By the time Elizabeth I finished her reign (1588), about 80% of the population identified as Protestant.

2. Long-lasting Impact:

   • The Reformation helped establish the Church of England and led to the growth of different Protestant groups in England.
   • The effects of the Reformation are still seen today in the influence of the Church of England and the variety of religions that exist.

In conclusion, the Reformation changed how religion was practiced in England, built a foundation for Protestantism, and changed society and politics in the country.