Different loading conditions can greatly change how materials behave in buildings at universities. Let’s break down these types of loads:

1. Axial Loading:

   • For steel columns, they usually start to bend or change shape when they experience a strength of about 250 MPa.
   • Concrete can handle axial loads too, often with strength levels between 20-40 MPa.

2. Shear Loading:

   • Shear forces happen in beams, and we need to keep these stresses under control. They should not go above 0.6 times the material’s strength.
   • For instance, reinforced concrete can have a shear strength of around 5 MPa.

3. Torsion:

   • Torsional loading can make materials twist, which is often measured using the formula: Torque (T) = Force (F) x Radius (r).
   • Beams can resist twisting thanks to something called torsional rigidity, which is linked to something known as polar moment of inertia.

In summary, it’s important to understand these different loading conditions. This knowledge helps keep university buildings safe and makes sure they last a long time.