Environmental factors play a big part in how genes behave in different living things. This interaction is called epigenetics. It means that outside conditions can change whether genes are active or inactive, without changing the actual DNA.

One important environmental factor is temperature. For example, in some reptiles like green turtles, the temperature of the eggs while they are incubating decides if the baby turtles will be male or female. Cooler temperatures lead to male turtles, while warmer temperatures produce females. This shows how even a small change in the environment can greatly affect the genetic makeup and growth of an organism.

Another key factor is light exposure. In plants, the amount of daylight they get can control when they bloom. This process is called photoperiodism. For instance, spinach plants need certain light conditions to flower. This shows how sensitive gene activity is to changes in the environment.

Nutrient availability is also important for gene behavior. In humans, not getting enough essential nutrients can change how genes work, which might lead to health problems. For example, if someone doesn’t get enough folate, it can impact genes that are important for making and repairing DNA. This can affect how cells divide and grow.

Environmental toxins can also change gene activity. Studies show that if living things are exposed to pollutants, it can turn on or off genes that help with detoxification. This makes it harder for the organism to handle harmful substances. This situation highlights how closely genetics and the environment are linked.

In summary, chromosomes and genes are deeply influenced by outside environmental factors. This relationship is crucial for survival and adapting to different places. Understanding these connections not only helps us learn more about biology but also shows how important it is to protect our environment. Doing so helps keep our ecosystems and living things healthy.