External forces play a big role in changing how fast something is moving.

What is Momentum?
Momentum is how much motion an object has. It's found by multiplying its mass (how much stuff is in it) by its speed. You can think of this as:
Momentum = Mass × Speed
or simply, p = mv.

How External Forces Change Momentum
When outside forces push or pull on an object, they change either its mass or its speed. This affects its momentum. According to a famous rule in physics called Newton's second law, the force acting on an object is linked to how its momentum changes over time. You can write this as:
Force = Change in Momentum ÷ Change in Time
or
F = Δp/Δt.

Understanding Impulse and Momentum
Now, let’s talk about impulse. Impulse is what happens when a force acts on an object for a certain amount of time. It's calculated by multiplying the average force by the time it acts. You can write that like this:
Impulse = Force × Time
or
J = F × Δt. The cool thing is that this impulse is equal to the change in momentum, which can be written as:
J = Δp.

What Happens Because of External Forces?
If a force is applied to an object over a