Modern operating systems have smart ways to manage memory by using different strategies. They make sure that the computer remembers which parts of memory to keep and which to replace. Some key strategies they use are called Least Recently Used (LRU), First-In-First-Out (FIFO), and Optimal page replacement. Each of these has a special role in making memory management run smoothly.

First, modern systems use neat tools, like reference bits and queues, to keep track of which parts of memory are being used. For example, LRU approximations, like the Clock algorithm, help quickly find which pages are least recently used. They do this without using a lot of extra resources. By keeping a circular list and using a simple bit for tracking, systems can decide which pages to remove without working too hard.

Additionally, computers have helpful hardware features, like Translation Lookaside Buffers (TLBs), that speed up how addresses are translated. This means that they spend less time figuring out when things go wrong, known as page faults. When hardware and software work well together, it really boosts how fast these memory management strategies can run.

Many operating systems also use flexible algorithms that change based on what the computer is doing at the moment. This means they can adjust their methods in real-time to be more efficient. For example, if there's a mix of different tasks happening, the system might use different strategies to pick the best page replacement based on what it has seen before.

In summary, the way modern operating systems handle page replacement is really efficient. They do this by using smart data tools, improving hardware features, and employing adaptable strategies that fit different workloads.