Neurotransmitters are important for how well our brain cells, called neurons, communicate with each other. Think of them as messengers that help send signals across the gaps between neurons. Let’s break down how this works:
Types of Neurotransmitters
- Excitatory Neurotransmitters: These messengers, like glutamate, make it more likely for a neuron to send a signal.
- Inhibitory Neurotransmitters: An example is GABA, which makes it less likely for a neuron to send a signal.
How They Work
- When a signal reaches the end of a neuron, special channels open up, letting calcium ions rush in.
- This calcium rush triggers the release of neurotransmitters that are stored in tiny bubbles called vesicles.
- After they’re released, neurotransmitters attach to special spots called receptors on the next neuron. This can cause different changes:
- When glutamate binds, it opens channels for sodium ions, which gets the next neuron excited and ready to send a signal.
- When GABA binds, it opens channels for chloride ions, which calms the neuron down and makes it less likely to send a signal.
How They Help Communication
- Receptor Density: Having more receptors means the neuron can respond better to neurotransmitters.
- Neurotransmitter Reuptake: Quick clearing of neurotransmitters from the space between neurons helps stop the signal and keeps communication clear.
- Neuromodulators: Substances like serotonin can change how active neurons are, affecting their strength and flexibility in sending signals.
In short, neurotransmitters are not just needed to start communication between neurons; they also help make it smooth and adjustable, ensuring our brain works efficiently.