Subordinate clauses make the reasons behind characters' actions in Turgenev's stories deeper and more interesting. It's cool to see how grammar adds to this depth.

1. Aspectual Pairs: This is about different types of verbs that tell us if an action is done or still going. For example:

   • Perfective (finished): "Он написал" (He wrote).
   • Imperfective (ongoing): "Он пишет" (He is writing).

2. Participles and Gerunds: These words help show actions in a detailed way. For instance:

   • "Читая книгу" (Reading the book) shows something happening now and gives us a peek into a character's thoughts.

3. Cases: Look at the genitive and accusative cases. For example:

   • Genitive: "Нехватка любви" (Lack of love) shows a feeling of wanting something that isn’t there.

4. Sentence Structure: Notice subordinate clauses in longer sentences. For example:

   • "Я знаю, что он придет" (I know that he will come). Here, "что он придет" is the subordinate clause.

5. Conditional Mood: This talks about things that might happen. For example:

   • "Если бы он знал" (If he knew) shows a character facing a difficult choice.

Understanding these parts can help you better see why Turgenev's characters act the way they do.