Shifts in functions can change how they look. There are two main types of shifts: vertical and horizontal.

1. Vertical Shifts:

   • A vertical shift happens when you add or subtract a number (let's call it $k$) to the function. This looks like $f(x) + k$.
   • For example, if we take $f(x) + 3$, this means the graph of $f(x)$ moves up by 3 units.

2. Horizontal Shifts:

   • A horizontal shift occurs when you add or subtract $k$ inside the function. This looks like $f(x - k)$.
   • For example, if we have $f(x - 2)$, this moves the graph of $f(x)$ to the right by 2 units.

In summary, vertical and horizontal shifts change where the function’s graph is located, but they do not change its shape.