Neuroinflammation is an important factor in how certain brain diseases develop. Let’s break down how it affects these conditions:

1. Immune Response Activation:

   • When brain cells (neurons) are under stress or hurt, special immune cells called microglia get activated. This is meant to help, but if it goes on for too long, it can actually cause more harm.

2. Cytokine Release:

   • The activated microglia and another type of cell called astrocytes release substances known as pro-inflammatory cytokines. These include things like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Unfortunately, these substances can worsen brain cell damage and make diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s progress faster.

3. Oxidative Stress:

   • Neuroinflammation can lead to oxidative stress, which increases the number of harmful molecules called free radicals. These can harm brain cells, leading to cell death and more damage to the nervous system.

4. Amyloid Beta and Tau Pathology:

   • In Alzheimer’s disease, neuroinflammation is connected to the build-up of amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles in the brain. This build-up is related to problems with memory and thinking.

In short, while inflammation is a normal reaction to injury, if it lasts too long, it can make brain diseases much worse. This creates a harmful cycle of brain cell death and ongoing inflammation.