The way we understand science has created some tough questions for old ideas about consciousness, especially when it comes to three main views: Cartesian dualism, materialism, and idealism.

1. Cartesian Dualism:

   • A long time ago, Descartes' dualism said that the mind and body are completely separate. The mind is non-physical, and the body is physical.
   • But now, with new discoveries in neuroscience, we see that brain activity is closely linked to our thoughts and feelings. This makes us wonder if the idea of a separate mind really makes sense anymore.

2. Materialism:

   • Materialism is the belief that consciousness only comes from physical things happening in the brain.
   • This idea seems to strip away the rich and deep experiences we have by just reducing them to brain waves. Many people feel unsatisfied by this. There’s a big question known as the 'hard problem' of consciousness: Why do our personal experiences happen because of brain activity? Materialism has a hard time explaining the special qualities of our conscious experiences, known as qualia.

3. Idealism:

   • On the other hand, idealism says that reality is mainly made up of mental experiences or is created by our consciousness.
   • However, new scientific discoveries challenge this belief. For example, in quantum mechanics, how a person observes something can change what they see, complicating the idea that consciousness is the most important part of reality.

Possible Solutions:

• We can help solve these puzzles by getting different fields to talk to one another, including neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy.
• A better approach might involve looking at our personal experiences more closely. We should try to understand how scientific discoveries can match up with what it feels like to be conscious.

In the end, as science continues to evolve, it brings new challenges to the old beliefs about consciousness. However, the way forward is to work together and be open to changing the beliefs we hold dear. The mix of scientific inquiry and philosophical thinking might not give us clear answers, but it could help us understand consciousness in a deeper way over time.