Language production has several steps: thinking of what to say, organizing the words, and then speaking them out. Sometimes, brain disorders can mess up these steps in different ways:

1. Aphasia: This problem happens when the brain gets hurt, like from a stroke. About 1 million people in the U.S. have this issue. It mainly affects the organizing stage. There are two types:

   • Broca's aphasia: People with this type have trouble speaking. They can only say about 50-100 words per minute, while healthy people can say around 200 words per minute. Their speech often sounds choppy and missing words.
   • Wernicke's aphasia: This type allows people to speak quickly, around 200-300 words per minute, but what they say doesn’t make much sense.

2. Apraxia of Speech: This motor problem makes it hard to pronounce words correctly. People might make mistakes when trying to talk. This issue often occurs together with aphasia in about half of the cases.

3. Dysarthria: This problem comes from not being able to control the muscles needed for speech. It can cause speech that is slurred or slow, making it hard for others to understand.

4. Executive Function Disruption: Disorders like Parkinson's disease or dementia can make it tough to plan what to say. Studies show that people with these issues might produce about 30% less clear speech.

All of these disorders show how important healthy brain connections are for being able to talk effectively.