Mutations are really important for creating genetic diversity, which helps species evolve over time. Let's break down how mutations work and their effects on genetic variation:

1. New Alleles:

   • Mutations are the main way new alleles are formed in a population. Research shows that about 1 in every 1,000 DNA building blocks (or base pairs) changes each generation.

2. Types of Mutations:

   • Point Mutations: These change just one tiny part of the DNA. This can affect how a protein works.
   • Insertion/Deletion Mutations: These either add or take away pieces of the DNA, which can shift how genes are read. This can greatly change how those genes work.

3. How Often Mutations Happen:

   • In humans, mutations happen at a rate of about 1 in 100 million DNA building blocks each generation. Since humans have around 3 billion base pairs, a typical newborn has about 60 to 100 new mutations.

4. Natural Selection and Mutations:

   • Most mutations don’t have any effect or can even be harmful. However, some mutations are helpful and can help creatures adapt to their surroundings. About 10% of mutations might be beneficial when environments change.

Overall, mutations help create genetic diversity, which is the basic material for natural selection. This process helps shape the evolution of different species.