Mutations are small changes in our DNA.

These changes can really affect living things in different ways. They are key to genetic variation, which is very important for evolution. So, when we talk about good and bad mutations, we are looking at how these changes can impact a living thing’s life.

Harmful Mutations:

1. Negative Effects: Some mutations can cause diseases, disabilities, or problems with body structure. For example, sickle cell anemia happens because of a change in a gene. This change affects how red blood cells look and work.
2. Decrease Survival: Bad mutations can make it harder for an organism to survive. Imagine if an animal couldn't get enough food or couldn't escape from predators because of a mutation. This would put that animal in danger.
3. Inherited Issues: Many harmful mutations can be passed down from parents to their children. This means certain health problems can show up more often in families or populations.

Beneficial Mutations:

1. Positive Adaptation: On the bright side, good mutations can help an organism survive and reproduce. For example, a mutation that makes it easier for an animal to find food can help it thrive in its environment.
2. Evolutionary Advantage: Helpful mutations can create new traits that assist a species in growing over time. This can lead to changes that favor certain traits, making them more common in a population.
3. Real-Life Examples: A well-known example is the mutation that allows some humans to digest lactose, the sugar in milk, even after childhood. This is a big help in cultures that often consume dairy products!

To sum it up, mutations can be a mixed bag. Some mutations can be harmful and put living things at risk. Others can give a helpful advantage for survival. Together, they help us understand the story of life and evolution!