Mackinder's Heartland Theory suggests that controlling a key area of land called the "Heartland" is very important for a country to have power in the world. This idea is still relevant today, especially when we look at modern conflicts. Here’s how it works:

1. Why the Heartland Matters:

   • The Heartland includes parts of Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
   • This area holds about 60% of the world’s population and has many natural resources.
   • Big countries like Russia and China are located in the Heartland. They have large areas of land and many resources that can affect energy supplies around the world.

2. Tensions Between Countries:

   • The conflict in Ukraine shows how important the Heartland is. Russia wants to keep a strong influence over Eastern Europe.
   • NATO, a group of Western countries, is trying to counter Russia’s growing power by moving closer to the Heartland.

3. Economic Concerns:

   • China's Belt and Road Initiative is a plan to connect China with the Heartland.
   • This initiative aims to boost trade and gain access to important resources. It reminds us of Mackinder's warnings that controlling this part of the world can change who has power globally.