Key Barriers to International Trade:

1. Tariffs:
   In 2021, the average global tariff rate was about 9.5%. This means that when countries trade goods, they sometimes have to pay extra fees. These fees can make things more expensive for shoppers and can also slow down how much trade happens.

2. Quotas:
   Some countries set limits on how many products they will allow from other places. These limits are called import quotas. They can make it harder for foreign goods to enter the market and can keep prices for those goods higher.

3. Uncertain Regulations:
   Different countries have different rules about products. This can make trading tricky. About 60% of businesses say that following these rules is a major problem for them.

Impacts on Macroeconomic Stability:

• When there is less trade, it can hurt the economy. For instance, if trade goes down by 1%, the overall economic growth (GDP) can drop by 0.5%.
• Trade barriers usually lead to higher prices. This can cause inflation, which means that the cost of living goes up. When prices go up, people have less money left over to spend on other things.