Key Differences Between Convex and Concave Mirrors

1. Shape and Curvature:

   • Convex Mirrors: These mirrors curve outwards. This shape makes light rays spread out. They have what's called a negative focal length.
   • Concave Mirrors: These mirrors curve inwards. This shape causes light rays to come together. They have a positive focal length.

2. Image Formation:

   • Convex Mirrors:
     • They always create virtual images that are upright and smaller.
     • A common use is in cars, especially in side mirrors.
   • Concave Mirrors:
     • They can create either real or virtual images, depending on how far the object is from the mirror.
     • When the object is farther than the focal point, the images appear real and upside down.

3. Focal Length:

   • Convex Mirrors: The focal length (which shows how strongly the mirror bends light) is negative. It’s usually calculated as about half the radius of the curve, or ( -R/2 ).
   • Concave Mirrors: The focal length is positive and is calculated as ( R/2 ).

4. Applications:

   • Convex Mirrors: These mirrors are often used for security and in passenger vehicles.
   • Concave Mirrors: You can find these in telescopes, shaving mirrors, and satellite dishes.