The shift from NAFTA to USMCA shows some important changes that make trading between the countries a bit more complicated.

1. Labor and Environmental Rules:

   • USMCA has tougher rules for workers and the environment than NAFTA did. For example, it says that 40-45% of car parts need to be made by workers who earn at least $16 an hour. This might increase costs for making cars and could make companies less likely to invest in places like Mexico, where wages are lower.

2. Dairy and Farm Products:

   • USMCA gives the U.S. more chances to sell dairy products in Canada. But this might not help American farmers much because Canada has rules that protect its own products. This could lead to more trade arguments and might not give the benefits that were hoped for.

3. Protection for Creators:

   • USMCA offers stronger protections for copyrights, which is good for U.S. creators. But it could make it harder for people to get information and might slow down new ideas in some areas.

4. Handling Disagreements:

   • USMCA changes how disagreements are solved, which raises questions about fairness, especially for smaller countries.

To make things easier, it’s important for the countries involved to work together. Simplifying rules and making sure they are followed fairly can help create a better trading environment. Investing in new technology and retraining workers can also help lessen the negative effects on certain industries. This way, everyone can adapt and do well in the changing world of trade.