The Viking raids had a big impact on Europe, affecting politics and society in some important ways:

1. More Violence and Fear:

   • People lived in constant fear of raids. This made the political situation very unstable.
   • Local leaders spent more money on defense to protect their communities, which took away funds from things like schools and health services.

2. Power Split:

   • The raids made it so that power was no longer held by just a few leaders. Local warlords became stronger as they fought to protect their lands.
   • This split in power led to chaos and made it harder for central governments to keep control.

3. Trade Problems:

   • Viking attacks messed up trade routes. This hurt economies and caused food shortages in certain areas.
   • The danger of raids made traders rethink their paths, which led to less business activity.

4. Long-lasting Fear:

   • The raids tore communities apart, creating a lasting sense of fear and distrust among neighboring groups.

Solutions:

• To fix these problems, kingdoms needed to build better alliances through talks and cooperation.
• Investing in strong defenses and creating a reliable trade network could help bring back some stability and trust within communities.