Temperature has a big effect on how solids behave. It can change their shape, volume, and density.

1. How Temperature Affects Shape:

• When the temperature goes up, the tiny particles in a solid move faster.
• This faster movement makes the solid vibrate more.
• Because of this, solids can expand when they get heated.
• For example, most metals get a bit bigger when they heat up, expanding about $0.000012 \, \text{m/m} \, \text{°C}$.
• Different types of metals expand a little differently.

2. How Temperature Affects Volume:

• We can use a simple formula to understand how volume changes with temperature:

  $\Delta L = \alpha L_0 \Delta T$

  Here’s what it means:

  • $\Delta L$ is how much the length changes,
  • $\alpha$ is how much the material expands (called the coefficient of linear expansion),
  • $L_0$ is the original length,
  • $\Delta T$ is the change in temperature.

• For solid objects that are cube-shaped, a similar idea explains how their volume changes. So, when the temperature goes up, the volume usually goes up too.

3. How Temperature Affects Density:

• Density tells us how much mass is in a certain amount of space. We can use this formula:

  $\rho = \frac{m}{V}$

  In this formula:

  • $\rho$ is density,
  • $m$ is mass,
  • $V$ is volume.

• When it gets hotter, most solids expand, meaning their volume increases while their mass stays the same.

• Because of this, their density goes down. For instance, steel has a density of about $7.85 \, \text{g/cm}^3$ at $20°C$ but drops to around $7.80 \, \text{g/cm}^3$ at $100°C$.

In short, temperature affects solids in important ways, changing their shape, volume, and density. These changes can be very important in science and engineering.